Unfolding the secrets of the origin of the Universe with a novel idea to the existence of elusive Dark energy and Dark matter
.M.Meyyappan
[Professor of Physics (Retd), Department of Physics.Alagappa Government Arts College ,Karaikudi-630001, India]
Abstract:
Our understanding of some strange behaviours of galaxies in deep universe demands new laws of physics like dark matter and dark energy .Few observed cosmological events like accelerated expansion of the universe ,flat rotation curves in spiral galaxies, appearance of strange rings and arcs of light in some distant galaxies can’t be explained with the known laws. In order to account for such strange things dark matter and dark energy have been proposed.. But there are some groups of scientists who do not believe dark matter and dark energy due to its non-interactive nature with baryons and electromagnetic fields. Argument and counter argument are still going on among scientists. This paper explains the dark energy and dark matter by proposing a reasonably novel idea of circular wave train.It gives an acceptable solution for its invisibility and missing electromagnetic interaction .It describes the formation of circular wave trains in different situations –weak and strong gravitational fields . After the explosion of supernova, the last stage of a dying star due to lack of hydrogen fuel .nebula is formed without any trace of hydrogen But new young stars are formed in such nebula showed the availability of rich abundance of hydrogen . The formation of circular wave trains in strong gravitational filed or space with condensed energy produces hydrogen directly The concept of circular wave trains predicts a possible way for the conversion of dark energy into conventional energy.
Introduction
The visible universe including Earth, the sun, other stars, and galaxies, is made of nucleons and electrons bundled together into atoms. Cosmological observers and astrophysicists discovered that this ordinary baryonic matter makes up less than 5 % of the total mass of the universe. The rest of the universe is supposed to be made of a mysterious, invisible substance called dark matter (25 % ) and a force that repels gravity known as dark energy (70 %).
What makes people in brighter world to think about dark matter? Dark matter is required because visible matter alone doesn’t have enough gravitational muster to hold galaxies together. Dark matter is called "dark" because it does not interact with baryonic matter and electromagnetic field too, which means it does not absorb, reflect, scatter or emit electromagnetic radiation and is, therefore, difficult to detect with current instruments. Even then scientists are confident of dark matter because of its gravitational effects that appear to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters
Dark energy is still more mysterious. Previously, physicists had assumed that the attractive force of gravity would slow down the expansion of the universe over time. But the physical observation was quite different to the prediction – instead of deceleration in the expansion of the universe , scientists found an acceleration. It
indicates that some unknown force must be responsible to oppose gravitational pull, causing galaxies to speed apart from one another. The accelerated expansion seems to be growing stronger as the universe expands due to this repulsive force. For lack of a suitable name, scientists simply called this mysterious force as dark energy.
Dark Matter is the missing matter that explains the flat rotation curves in galaxies whereas dark Energy is the unknown energy that favours the accelerated expansion of the universe. As they refer two different things they cannot be converted one from the other like that of conventional matter and energy. The unusual properties associated with the dark matter and dark energy continue to confuse people as they are failed to find any convincing reasons for its allowed violation in certain laws of physics.. For example Dark matter isn’t simply dark, it is invisible. Light of all types seems to pass through as though it is completely transparent. However, dark matter does have mass, which is shown by its gravitational influence
Supporting evidences for dark matter and dark energy
The stars at the edges of a spinning, spiral galaxy should travel much slower than those near the galactic center, where the galaxy's visible matter is concentrated. But observations show that stars orbit at more or less the same speed regardless of where they are in the galactic disk. This puzzling result makes sense if one assumes that the boundary stars are feeling the gravitational effects of an unseen mass—dark matter—in a halo around the galaxy. Dark matter could also explain certain optical illusions that astronomers see in the deep universe. For example, some distant galaxies show unusual rings and strange arcs of light that can be explained if the light from even more distant galaxies is being distorted and magnified by massive, invisible clouds of dark matter in the foreground-a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing.
Astronomers believe that dark matter is present throughout the space. It more concentrated surrounding massive black holes and dwarf galaxies which are less bright and harder to observe which may contain more fraction of dark matter than the usual cosmos. Scientists have given an explanation for what dark matter might be. According to their hypothesis the dark matter is nothing but exotic particles that don't interact with normal matter or light but that still exert a gravitational pull The accelerated expansion of the universe requires some source of force which pulls out the galaxies away from the centre of the universe.. This invisible source is called dark energy.
The opposing groups against dark matter and dark energy try to modify the existing theories of gravity According to them , there are multiple forms of gravity, and the large-scale gravity governing galaxies must be different from the gravity we know.. They believe that the behavior of baryonic matter and electromagnetic radiation must be quite different in strong gravitational field. It is based on the assumption that the nature of the gravitational interaction depends on its strength
Circular wave trains
. Usually all electromagnetic waves emitted from a source are linear and with rectilinear propagation they travel in the medium to any length of distance .When they travel undisturbed ,the leading waves pull and the rear waves push the train with mutual display of electromagnetic field.The behavior of linear wave trains with shorter length and detached from the source is different due to lack of such push-pull effect. They have some kind of inherent feeling to convert themselves into circular form to gain stability. Instead of getting fade out the shorter linear wave trains change into circular wave trains with less potential energy and remain in the space for any length of time like that of lengthy linear wave trains Such circular wave trains have more stability to stay in the space than the corresponding shorter linear wave trains.
The light wave detached from the source may continue its propagation undisturbed provided it has sufficient length . If shorter than the limit the front waves are relaxed and the rear waves are pushing resulting with the formation of circular wave trains..It encircles with a small space. Since the wave retraces its path , a kind of resonance sets in which makes its propagation everlasting like that of linear wave train but in a circular path.The resonance condition requires that the circular path must be equal to some half integral multiples of wavelength of the light radiation.
The circular waves are bound and cyclic which makes it to be invisible forever.It does not mean that it is permanent .In fact there is a way to convert the invisible circular wave into visible linear wave by reacting with light waves having same wavelength and same frequency. The circular wave joins with the linear wave and follow its path. Any little change in the wavelength and frequency will not reverse the circular wave trains into linear wave train, The invisible circular wave train may
be a form dark energy. As it is self generated under certain situation, the circular wave trains may be existing everywhere.
The circular waves trains may be converted into particle when they are formed in stronger gravitational field or in the space with more energy density above certain threshold. The continuous circular motion in the same space condenses its own energy with the energy bound by the waves into materialistic particles .It provides charge and spin. In this process of materialization single particle formation is forbidden as it needs to conserve the charge of the universe.
If the shorter wave has enough energy and length it forms circular waves with two loops in strong gravitational field. It is noted that the wave motion in these two loops are clock-wise in one and anti clock-wise in the other .Making a convention that clock wise motion of circular wave trains becomes positively charged particle and anticlockwise motion yields negatively charged particle.. That is two loops of circular wave trains turn into particle and antiparticle .After the pair production they are separated apart .The antiparticle in the world undergoes total annihilation ,resulting with no change in the universe.
Electron + positron ( with low energy strong gravity)
Proton + antiproton (with higher energy , strong gravity
Proton + electron (with higher energy, very strong gravity)
.The circular waves trains can create hydrogen as such without violating the conservation of charge. Hydrogen formation is possible when we allow the non conservation of baryon number and lepton number in strong gravitational field.It explains the ever existing rich abundance of hydrogen in the space providing unlimited fusion fuels to new and young stars in all galaxies.. All stars after exhausting hydrogen fuel live only for a shorter period. During this time they undergo very many structural and evolutionary changes in order to attain some sort of stability as neutron star or black hole. When they left in unstable state like supernova it explodes all of a sudden and creates a nebula in the surrounding
space.Even though it is filled with gases and dusts , the abundance of hydrogen will certainly be much low as it is formed with dying stars which depleted all of its hydrogen fuel , New young stars will be formed within the nebula only when it is enriched with hydrogen This is done by materialization with circular wave trains in strong gravitational field.
Acknowledgement
The author is thankful to Senthil Meyyappan, an undergraduate student in Bosten University ,USA who helped me to write this script.
References:
1.Alexander Alexandrovich Antonov ., Nature of dark matter and dark energy Journal of Modern Physics , 8 (4), 567 -582. (2017),
2.Hand book of supernovae.,Athem W.Alsabti and Paul Murdin (ed)., Springer ISBN 978-3-319-21846-5 (eBook)
